Possibly a derivative of Caesar or son of Case
Caeson is a modern American invention, likely created as a phonetic blend of the name Case with the popular 'son' suffix. It may also be used as a creative variation of the Roman name Caesar, which is associated with the Latin word for hair or the title of emperors.
Less common today
Caeson isn't in the latest US Top 1000. It last peaked at #5,473 in 2015.
US births per 5-year period, 1990βpresent (SSA data).